Vitamins

Vitamins are organic compounds which cannot be produced by the body and must be supplied in small amount in diet for the normal health, growth and maintenance of body.

Vitamins are essential to us for the normal and proper functioning of the body.  The absence or deficiency of a vitamin can cause specific diseases.

In 1912, Sir H G Hopkins first identified vitamins in milk. The name ‘vitamins’ was given by Casmir Funk.

Vitamins are classified into two types,

• Water soluble vitamins
• Fat soluble vitamins

Water soluble vitamins

Vitamin B complex and vitamin c are water soluble.

Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E and K  are fat soluble vitamins.

Sl.No.	Vitamins		Deficiency diseases
1	Vitamin B1	Thiamine (aneurin)	Beriberi
2	Vitamin B2	Riboflavin (lactoflavin)	Chillosis
3	Vitamin B3	Niacin	Pellagra
4	Vitamin B5	Pantothenic acid	Parasthesia
5	Vitamin B6	Pyridoxine	Dermites
6	Vitamin B7	Biotin	Seboria
7	Vitamin B9	Pholic acid	Megaloblastic anemia
8	Vitamin B12	Cyanocobalamin	Pernicias anemia
9	Vitamin C	Ascorbic acid	Scurvy
10	Vitamin A	Retinol	Nightblindness, xerophthalmia, xerosis
11	Vitamin D	Calciferol	Rickets
12	Vitamin E	Tocopherol	Sterility
13	Vitamin K	Phylloquinone	Bleeding

POLLINATION

Pollination is the mechanism to transfer  pollen grains from  the anther to the stigma of a pistil is termed pollination.


                                  

                               

KINDS OF POLLINATION

Depending on the source of pollen, pollination can be divided into three.

Autogamy            

Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of same flower is called autogamy or self-pollination.

Geitonogamy  

    Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of same plant is called geitonogamy.

Xenogamy     

     Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a different plant is called xenogamy.

AGENTS OF POLLINATION

Pollinating agents are either abiotic (wind and water) or biotic (animals).

Pollination by wind  

Wind pollination is more common amongst abiotic pollination. Wind pollination requires that the pollen grains are light and non-sticky so that they can be transport easily. And the plants have well exposed stamens and large often feathery stigma to easily trap pollen grains.

Pollination by water  

Aquatic plants may have aerial, submerged or floating flowers.   It is quite rare in flowering plants.  And the plants have well exposed stamens and large often feathery stigma to easily trap pollen grains.

Pollination by Animals

              Insect pollination

Flowers are mostly pollinated by insects. When an insect visiting a flower to collect food (nectar) pollen from the stamens sticks to the insect and then it travels to another flower these pollen grains are sticks to stigma of the flower.       

                     

                           

        Bird pollination

Many bird pollinated flowers are bright coloured (red or orange) to attract birds, flowers are large in size and most are tubular so that bird can dip their beaks in. while pollen grains from stamen sticks on birds head and pollination occurs.

                                           

                           

     Mammal pollination

Some types of bats and Australian possum are the important mammal pollinators. They pollinate flowers by feed on nectar and pollen.

 

Beautiful Nature

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CHLOROPLAST AND CHLOROPHYLL PPT

TEACHING LESSON TEMPLATE

INNOVATIVE TEACHING LESSON TEMPLATE

Name of the teacher: Rakhi.A.R                                                             Date:15/09/2014

Name of the school:  G. V.H.S.S.NDD                                                   STD: IX

Subject: Biology                                                                                      STR: 40

Unit:      The Chemical Changes Of Food                                               Period :II

Topic :   Organs Of Digestion In Mouth                                                 Time: 45 Minutes                                                                                                             Average age :14 ⁺                                                                                                                                                                                             

                                                  

   ^{CURRICULAR STATEMENT}

           ^{The pupil develops different dimensions of knowledge on organs of digestion in mouth through group discussions, lecturing, observation, and evaluation by questioning, participation in group work, reporting, presentation etc.}

 ^{CONTENT ANALYSIS}

^TERMS

^{Milk teeth, wisdom teeth, incisor, canine, premolar, molar, tongue.}

^FACTS

1.           ^{Human beings have 32 teeth, a tongue, and three pairs of salivary glands in the mouth.}
2.            ^{Tooth fixed in the socket of jaw bone.}
3.            ^{The first set of teeth formed during child hood is called milk teeth.}
4.            ^{An adult person have 32 teeth, of these 4 are grow only after attaining adult hood are                   called wisdom teeth.}
5.            ^{Human teeth are of 4 different types-incisor, canine, premolar, molar.}
6.            ^{incisors helps to cut the food into pieces}
7.            ^{Canines help to tearing the food.}
8.            ^{Premolars and molars help to chew the food.}
9.            ^{Teeth are covered with enamel.}
10.         Salivary gland secret saliva.
11. .       Taste buds on the tongue help in differentiating the taste.

^CONCEPT

^{MAJOR CONCEPT}

^{Organs of digestion in mouth}

^{MINOR CONCEPT}

^{.         1.  Human beings have 32 teeth, a tongue, and three pairs of salivary glands are in mouth. The first set of teeth formed during child hood is called milk teeth and by about 7 – 12 years these falls and permanent teeth grow in their place.}

          ^{2.  Human teeth are of four different types- incisor, canine, premolar, molar. The tongue helps in chewing the food to recognizing the tastes and swallows the chewed food.}

^{LEARNING OUTCOMES}

        ^{To enable the pupil,}

^{recalling the organs of mouth in digestion,}

 ^{recognizing the different types of teeth,}

- for developing factual knowledge,

^{recalling digestive organs in mouth – salivary gland}

^{explaining the structure of teeth,}

^{executing group work to discussing about structure and functions of teeth.}

^{-for developing conceptual knowledge,}

^{inferring about the functions of digestive organs in mouth,}

^{executing group work to understand the types of teeth,}

^{-for developing procedural knowledge,}

^{develop process skills such as observing, classifying,}

^{develop positive attitude towards process of digestion.}

^{PRE-REQUISITES}

^{Human beings have 32 teeth in mouth.}

^{TEACHING LEARNING RESOURCES}

^{Video – digestion, types of teeth and their function. Picture album – salivary gland, tongue, teeth. Role play of milk teeth, wisdom teeth, permanent teeth. Model – L.S.of teeth.}

CLASS ROOM INTERACTION PROCEDURE

EXPECTED PUPIL RESPONSE

INTRODUCTION Teacher talk friendly with students and ask questions to check previous knowledge Have you had your lunch? We eat food with the help of? Why we are eating food? How we get energy from our food? Teacher shows a video of digestion Where the digestion does takes place first? Which are the organs helping for the digestion in mouth? PRESENTATION Teacher group the students into 4 groups and name them teeth, tongue, saliva, enamel ACTIVITY 1 Teacher invite students to present a role play.   MILK TEETH  Hay, I am milk teeth. The first set of teeth formed during the child hood. I am in 20 in number. PERMANENT TEETH Hallo! I am permanent teeth all of you love and caring very much.by about 7 – 12 years the milk teeth fall and I grow in their place. Human beings have 32 teeth. WISDOM TEETH Oh! Human beings have a set of 32 teeth but of these four are grow only after attaining adult hood. We are known as wisdom teeth. DISCUSSION HINTS     Is there any difference in number of teeth in children and adult?   What are wisdom teeth? ACTIVITY 2 Teacher shows a picture album of organs of digestion in mouth. DISCUSSION HINTS       How does the tongue help in the process of digestion?       What is the special feature of teeth that helps to convert the food into pieces?        What is the function of salivary gland? ACTIVITY 3 Teacher shows a video on types of teeth and its function. DISCUSSION HINTS          How many types of teeth are present in human beings?         Which are the 4 types of teeth and what are their functions? ACTIVITY 4 Teacher shows a model of L.S.of teeth. DISCUSSION HINTS Which is the outermost layer of teeth? Which are the three regions of teeth?  SUMMARIZATION Student understands the organs of digestion in mouth through video, picture album, models, and lecturing. Teeth (CB) Tongue (CB) Salivary gland (CB) Milk teeth (CB) Wisdom teeth (CB) Incisor (CB) Canine (CB) Premolar (CB) Molar (CB)

- Yes. - Mouth. - For getting energy. - Through digestion. - In mouth. - Teeth, tongue, and  saliva. - Childhood we have  milk teeth it is 20  in number, in adulthood  we have 32 permanent  teeth. - The 4 teeth growing  after attaining adulthood  are called wisdom teeth. - Tongue direct food  towards the teeth for  chewing. Helps to  swallow the food Helps  to differentiating taste.  - The hardness of teeth. - Salivary gland secretes saliva. 4 types incisor – for cutting food canine – for tearing food premolar – for chewing  food molar – for chewing food Enamel Crown, Neck, Root.

^REVIEW

1. Which are the digestive organs present in mouth?
2. What is the reason for the hardness of teeth?
3. What is the function of tongue in digestion?
4. What is a wisdom tooth?
5. Identify the pictures  a ,b,c ,d  and write down their function

Teeth	Function
a.
b.
c.
d.

 

^{ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY}

Make the models of different types of teeth present in human beings using waste materials.